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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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! C+ X- P7 j7 \' o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, . n0 B" P) H& ~7 K* |; `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ V: s! _# X1 }& ?; K) kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) E- ~/ L2 X' O "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, $ C }; C0 v- ~6 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,1 o; ?: L: W+ r1 b8 A4 |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) _% }( N$ e7 ^( c: _, ^* I' ^( J$ t% ["Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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) u5 i8 \5 q+ E5 I* w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, & J& \* z, j! X( L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, / d: k$ z0 N: O% I7 X- t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ [+ C- z/ g% X B3 m"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,% M# w# f' F) R& u1 e, t8 m & A6 c2 K1 W# R, f5 v, ]) omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 6 r% \9 H7 V7 O: C a+ s2 O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, / Y) ?5 M; u. @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 t3 ]0 q( X9 S0 C- q! c$ z0 D; D "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, : `+ g# h! S' n* \ J- J0 C) Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 6 N; I/ X/ R- o& Q4 T8 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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% P3 S* _/ z0 N; s. T7 x1 n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,; }- V6 s. W+ J8 _& S 2 P* [* S, R( _2 Y2 G# x8 |, I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 P- E1 p& b8 f! k) D( b: a; F "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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! a# s" m% c9 G$ I5 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ' g! g9 @* A- ^( ?; |8 j9 @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 6 e# @0 C$ `" v' Q, K+ G0 N( Y; `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 6 h) ~4 {. k+ r4 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 7 b* R j( x$ V1 x* ~9 ?( i, e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 6 z o# y* j& e6 D. p% K0 {8 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 1 a, M( o$ U% }% v6 q6 l% Y: a font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 x+ H( @0 G# r7 ^/ P* }* X"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ; v% A5 T( Y' q- Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, # ^, {( G0 i* Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 F& x% k5 W' ?. Q1 f+ L "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,5 F9 r( y: B. B' t; T 7 e) o' i% i$ M/ O2 ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, $ W2 v+ l T& k( Z6 h0 L( u% r$ b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, - n- t/ ^7 r! }% G# @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; N4 U: L- A2 x- D8 [+ w5 m"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 8 ]5 [3 l3 _1 Q8 h, y& {/ e A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: % v3 B( C. ]6 q0 g' yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , w- V6 P& Q7 B' K4 E% t& ?: t- U"Times New Roman"">“ + k* ]4 l% R6 c% y: fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % H3 I% ]3 N( e3 E0 b: J$ X8 s 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” X1 e2 p. Z' R t8 c) k* X- Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, - R) d$ q+ O' g1 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # x4 e; {! o" v( \0 G- q"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:5 U4 i- S* h2 m- \3 u& o; @ - X5 [+ u5 L9 z/ r. d8 E& zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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6 N; U* ]# j# z$ W; U& R( U Zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 + W. J$ V, u$ p+ b( { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 9 S) Y6 I( m9 w3 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 y6 U, w8 h* R) l. v- r0 G "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,% I% {7 k# Z( H" }/ i * t2 N, _& Z5 D) i7 k5 i2 h$ K- rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 0 V9 ?5 u' C6 }, g* }' g; G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" C" X7 Y$ @ I "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, , Z& g _" P3 T" H8 |+ l( V4 O5 nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 8 D3 E; F- G j3 {: b& O) d, V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 `# X0 P3 ^ H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 T0 T; Q+ m/ w# N }6 N2 m ]- Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(6 I) E# i8 C, i0 y/ d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ! O5 N9 \3 k* {8 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: L$ z9 T& g) a! ]' f- f"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用% n& R3 f# K$ k; ]0 C 12.0pt">, 2 b# Z! G, Z6 r- c& L"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, * w9 Q9 a* n( j3 J4 ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 \4 n/ ^$ `- p& e1 f9 o/ O"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ' \6 E5 `- G4 ~ t! Y3 z- A2 Q3 w4 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为! j) U9 D/ W7 H/ s! k I 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, & l, d" B) B$ w* Z2 ~$ pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; @5 Z. s% j& ?4 }' h"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 7 Y. o1 }8 j1 I; u% M( H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ) {9 }& s6 f, p4 Z) l7 o( R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ( V4 Z: _. b# h. [/ Y# ]2 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 y5 K# d Y/ K$ j9 y0 Z1 c "Times New Roman"">“ $ ?, {8 t! y6 e! t' I) j5 i/ \ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”2 u" l, e- B# [2 n9 F0 Z6 |! ]12.0pt"> : C- z9 K$ i" ~* { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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/ Z7 Y4 w0 H4 ~) ~; a" r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 0 K9 F! a+ i, r P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 0 k# |8 D/ `0 D+ n- X, ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; N; @/ e( \: P: I "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, $ R7 A8 E) r3 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 6 P. X9 B& k, C0 [5 @- g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 4 Z L$ l3 d% z3 M; R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( R9 I0 s) p' p! j, y( E "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 1 K: i; ~0 f, G7 d- {2 o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” ' r: S) X9 B" N$ _5 @; F2 [" }4 V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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$ n( q8 a# \: Q2 S6 j. C% U, E) d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,+ f5 j) t) T" C: B* W3 P/ }7 L 7 ]) S7 ~& _' o$ Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 @- e- x* W" Q: N- @$ x+ h "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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0 D6 C; C' D7 a" u4 P+ x' {! a mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ! f3 K- i; _% M* Z6 e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 6 }5 J0 v' e$ | P8 B, r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; e ~2 D7 t4 a$ C% w"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,7 q9 F" o& ?& X# d$ Z ; D$ k+ s" N- C3 N mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, Y: D% g4 m+ R, g7 b font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' N- o- @. J7 v"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ c5 X+ X/ B w" e" M( l1 v1 t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, G" s3 |/ |1 }1 W$ `; P' f1 k/ Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! X+ y) Q, P! r% c( ]"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题+ w W" c* u! g$ `) z12.0pt">: & B1 Q, l/ ]6 i, Q% s"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: * }% r. B4 f# ^% U5 d8 }# u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . A4 _9 x4 Q- _5 d+ j; X"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才5 A' w/ O( M9 ~; }. b5 t% W; G12.0pt">, . | \9 w' B! H3 L"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ( o6 c& A+ x" ?% B k8 O# u# T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " p/ P2 W2 `) p& a& W. m"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; i1 i R$ k1 M; Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ) @ y$ t* U. i% @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ( P) |+ H7 d% v9 ]2 V5 N* Z! Vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # e* O4 J7 K' a! m! T"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题+ ~3 r1 N6 f. N6 g+ X( U. Z& |! m. {9 @12.0pt">; 3 @2 p5 X+ `2 T0 g"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, % E, j g" { A/ l* b2 U6 o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 ^5 S/ C6 v; n0 o "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求: @; o2 @' {: r/ {4 D3 R2 T6 Y12.0pt">: ) t+ q U5 q! K' I "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; , `: @& D! l+ h2 \6 A2 z6 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ q$ ?+ x! {, S$ s/ z; J4 B" O "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, : n4 o0 k3 s7 c7 w2 {2 B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 6 g$ g) W0 e5 A font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; |$ g" J$ d9 O8 y( Q1 o* R5 O"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统* D* e* x7 L2 n/ F5 E12.0pt">:

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( F# u' L$ K) l9 Q( }2 W! v+ h* qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 4 O4 X+ ?! Z& g5 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” % `9 z5 D$ w! R2 Z, T) g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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) `& {- D" q) t/ a& J 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,( I* u3 J. v, |/ Y0 z, M ! H. p9 [" \1 P T9 Afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) c1 l; [% t8 h% i& W6 r0 p8 J. c& n "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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5 ]+ b }0 N" n& U8 r& u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & `- ~ L" `* O6 k& j. C: j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:! U+ K# ^+ I+ S( v5 a "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, " l) X" \2 _5 k9 {* L0 j) g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, . S! h! a0 Q9 p$ u; [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* N; f+ U K! i( c# c f) z "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,6 m7 B8 D$ E' |5 ]$ f$ X, l5 x , e3 D# f1 y3 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ) X% {, p( w" F5 T- Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 T. J. q; J1 C "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 0 d4 }2 d9 w, B0 @' |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 3 Z7 M$ g" J/ b: |2 X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 4 N% [0 u6 w- r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 ?- H" y X! j& P( |" {; j"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, + D5 u9 }" i: v& }/ N& gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 4 f2 E) O% {5 X0 N" @6 }3 Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ H* V& F" {4 }+ J( |4 \ "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, - Z! R0 }% U4 n( }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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# p4 @( f1 i2 T) hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,; T$ N, r4 Y4 K# x: g( e6 B6 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( D' |" w6 N% e1 J) ^. E4 B8 \ "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, Z5 F) M0 [1 j* q2 o12.0pt">, $ S0 M# D& K( y! E "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 k2 x& R- M8 \* ^! I font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - s2 Q: P; B8 }: c"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:( _) ], J6 D+ D* L! l Z) x9 {5 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 3 f8 j- ^/ X8 K6 c2 q, s+ w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, . ~( w) F8 {4 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 F" ~; M$ v1 n"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ( D( N' p6 h7 T1 u( a: ^' d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, / {: k& r6 Y9 v5 Y+ t' P2 Q" xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 ~, C! K; Z/ [; A% O9 V"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: & s1 e6 c8 `/ H: B8 w2 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ , |0 p' E" f- |. t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, * i. R7 A% C! F- q) v5 w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% @+ j# L+ J, o' x+ _; Y& ^ "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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